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Jacobian in three variables to change variables

Formula for the 3x3 Jacobian matrix in three variables

In the past we’ve converted multivariable functions defined in terms of cartesian coordinates ???x??? and ???y??? into functions defined in terms of polar coordinates ???r??? and ???\theta???.

Similarly, given a region defined in ???uvw???-space, we can use a Jacobian transformation to redefine it in ???xyz???-space, or vice versa.

Given three equations ???x=f(u,v,w)???, ???y=g(u,v,w)???, and ???z=h(u,v,w)???, the Jacobian is

How to calculate the Jacobian for a function in three variables


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Changing a function in x, y, and z into a function in u, v, and w

Example

Find the Jacobian of the transformation.

???x=uw^2???

???y=v^3-3w???

???z=\frac{2uv}{w}???

Our functions tell us that we have a ???3\times3??? set-up, so we’ll use the formula

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=\frac{\partial{x}}{\partial{u}}\left(\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{v}}\cdot\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{w}}-\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{w}}\cdot\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{v}}\right)-\frac{\partial{x}}{\partial{v}}\left(\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{u}}\cdot\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{w}}-\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{w}}\cdot\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{u}}\right)???

???+\frac{\partial{x}}{\partial{w}}\left(\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{u}}\cdot\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{v}}-\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{v}}\cdot\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{u}}\right)???

We need to start by finding the partial derivatives of ???x???, ???y??? and ???z??? with respect to ???u???, ???v??? and ???w???.

???\frac{\partial{x}}{\partial{u}}=w^2???

???\frac{\partial{x}}{\partial{v}}=0???

???\frac{\partial{x}}{\partial{w}}=2uw???

and

???\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{u}}=0???

???\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{v}}=3v^2???

???\frac{\partial{y}}{\partial{w}}=-3???

and

???\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{u}}=\frac{2v}{w}???

???\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{v}}=\frac{2u}{w}???

???\frac{\partial{z}}{\partial{w}}=-\frac{2uv}{w^2}???

We’ll plug the partial derivatives into our formula and get

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=w^2\left[3v^2\left(-\frac{2uv}{w^2}\right)-(-3)\left(\frac{2u}{w}\right)\right]-0\left[0\left(-\frac{2uv}{w^2}\right)-(-3)\left(\frac{2v}{w}\right)\right]???

???+2uw\left[0\left(\frac{2u}{w}\right)-3v^2\left(\frac{2v}{w}\right)\right]???

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=w^2\left(-\frac{6uv^3}{w^2}+\frac{6u}{w}\right)+2uw\left(-\frac{6v^3}{w}\right)???

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=-\frac{6uv^3w^2}{w^2}+\frac{6uw^2}{w}-\frac{12uv^3w}{w}???

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=-6uv^3+6uw-12uv^3???

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=-18uv^3+6uw???

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=6uw-18uv^3???

???\frac{\partial{(x,y,z)}}{\partial{(u,v,w)}}=6u\left(w-3v^3\right)???

This is the Jacobian of the transformation.


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